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This fact causes many concerned people to consider taking action now to protect the values of those who might be affected by global environmental change in years to come. One way in which the actions that cause global change are different from most of these is that the effects take decades to centuries to be realized. Many human actions affect what people value. We conclude by offering some general principles for research and some research implications. The following sections describe the human systems that are affected by or respond to global change, and how they interrelate. The next section examines three cases that illustrate many of the major factors influencing the human consequences of global change. We then offer a framework for thinking about human responses and discuss the pivotal role of conflict. We begin by developing the concept of human consequences and showing why, to understand them, it is critical to understand the variety of human responses to global change. This chapter examines the range of human consequences of, and responses to, global environmental change. Things are different now from what they have been for millennia. Until very recently, people have responded to global phenomena as if they were local, have not organized their responses as government policies, and have not been able to respond by deliberately altering the course of the global changes themselves. In consequence, people have migrated or changed their ways of living as polar ice advanced and retreated, endured crop failures or altered their crops when temperature and rainfall patterns changed, and made numerous other adjustments in individual and collective behavior. Since before recorded history, environmental changes have affected things people value.